DBA Tips Archive for Oracle
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DBA Tips Archive for Oracle
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Creating a New Virtual Machine - (CentOS Enterprise Linux 5.0)
by Jeff Hunter, Sr. Database Administrator
Contents
Overview
Why post an article like this on the Oracle DBA Tips section of my website?
Well, this product provides a unique opportunity for
me to have Windows XP running on my laptop with the ability to install
another operating environment (Linux, Solaris x86, or even another version
of Windows) on the same machine without the need for dual-booting.
VMware Workstation provides me with a virtual machine that can run any of the
above mentioned operating systems simultaneously with Windows XP on my laptop.
This provides me with the flexibility to perform new installs or test new features
of the Oracle database while not interrupting
my somewhat stable Oracle install on the laptop.
With VMware Workstation, the virtual machine is nothing more than a directory
of several files. After creating a virtual machine (Linux, Solaris, etc.) I typically
close down the virtual machine and backup the directory to my NAS. Once
this directory is backed up, I have a complete copy of the virtual machine
that can be restored at any time. This leaves me the ability to install
and configure Oracle on the virtual machine without the worry of messing anything
up that will take a long time to fix. When I want to go back to a fresh virtual
machine, I simply restore the directory that contains the virtual machine and I am done - back to a fresh install.
As previously mentioned, I prefer to run Windows XP Professional on my main
laptop along with the most recent releases of Oracle9i and Oracle10g
for Windows on that laptop.
I also, however, need the ability to work with different Oracle configurations on Linux
and Solaris x86
when I have only my laptop. Although I have several Linux and Sun machines
at home, I may be on the road with no access to my vast array of equipment.
This is where both VMware and CentOS Enterprise Linux come in handy.
For instructions on installing VMware Workstation on to the
Windows XP Professional operating environment, see my article entitled
"Installing VMware Workstation 6.0 - (Windows XP)".
Host Machine and Virtual Machine Configuration
About CentOS Enterprise Linux
I have been
moving away from Fedora as I need a stable environment that is not only
free, but as close to the actual Oracle supported operating system as possible.
While CentOS is not the only project performing the
same functionality, I tend to stick with it as it is stable and reacts fast with
regards to updates by Red Hat.
Here is a list of others that perform the same functionality as CentOS:
Use the following link to download CentOS Enterprise Linux 5.0:
Create a New Virtual Machine for Linux
The first screen is simply a Welcome screen. Click [Next] to
start the virtual machine creation process.
The default option in this screen will be to create a [Typical] configuration. Change
this option to [Custom] and click [Next] to continue.
This screen allows you to select the "Hardware Compatibility" features that will be needed for
the new virtual machine. Keep the default "Hardware Compatibility" selection of [Workstation 6]
and click [Next] to continue.
You are now asked for what guest operating system will be installed to
this new virtual machine. Although we are using CentOS Enterprise Linux 5,
we will be choosing Red Hat Enterprise Server 5. Remember that these two
distributions are identical with the exception of a few logo changes.
Choose [Linux] as the Guest Operating System
and [Red Hat Enterprise Server 5] as the version.
Click [Next] to continue.
VMware Workstation uses a user defined name to identify each virtual machine.
The default name is the same name as the guest operating system that you chose
for the new virtual machine (i.e. "Red Hat Enterprise Server 5"). I typically change this to the
server name (host name) I will
be using for the virtual machine. For the purpose of this example, my new server
name for the virtual machine will be [vmlinux1] so this is what I will type
in for the name and the directory. Also note that I am creating the new virtual machine
on my external hard drive M:. You can, however, simply leave it to the default.
This is a matter of choice and what you want to name the new virtual machine. After
deciding on the name and location for the virtual machine, click [Next] to continue.
Select the number of virtual processors to be used for this virtual machine.
I typically stick with the default value of one.
Click [Next] to continue.
Both Oracle9i and Oracle10g require a minimum of 512MB of RAM memory although
more memory is always better for performance. In my case, I do have the memory to spare and will be
giving the new virtual machine 1GB of memory (1008MB) given that I have 2GB of RAM on my laptop.
Select the amount of memory you want to dedicate to the new virtual machine and
click [Next] to continue.
You are now being asked for the network configuration. I typically keep the default, which is
a bridged network. This allows other computers on my network to access the virtual
machine. The other option, NAT allows your virtual machine to share the same IP
address of your physical (host) machine. Do not select the NAT option as the Oracle installation
will fail. The third option, host-only networking, allows only your physical (host) machine
access the new virtual machine. If you select this option, other computers on your
network will not be able to access the new virtual machine, but the Oracle install will
still be successful. After making your network choice, click [Next] to continue.
I always accept VMware's default option regarding the SCSI adapter to be
used and click [Next] to continue.
Once again, keep the default option of "Create a new virtual disk" selected and
click [Next] to continue.
You now need to choose a disk type. I always keep the default option which for Linux
makes
the new virtual disk a SCSI disk. Yes, this works even though you may have no
SCSI I/O disks in your system. There is no performance differences by choosing
IDE or SCSI here. Keep in mind that the system will only perform to what you
actually have installed physically. If you do choose IDE, however, you will be limited
to a max of 4 disk that can be attached to the virtual machine. In almost all situations,
this will make no difference, but I do like having the SCSI option as it is more
flexible to my machine needs. Click [Next] to continue.
Since I will be using this new virtual machine for Oracle, I will need
a minimum of around 6GB (O/S files, RDBMS Software and new Oracle Database).
Even at 6GB, space is going to be tight. I would recommend somewhere between 8GB and 32GB
of space. Although I have the space on my internal hard drive for my laptop, I will be using
an external hard drive connected to my laptop, M:, to store the virtual machine.
Using the external hard drive, I now have plenty of spare room and decide to make mine 32GB.
By default, the entire space
you request here is not immediately allocated. As VMware needs more space for the virtual machine,
it will allocate it to the upper limit you supply here. Since I know that I will be using
most of the space, I like to "pre-allocate" this space. You can and should pre-allocate this space (in my case 32GB)
by selecting the check-box "Allocate all disk space now".
After selecting the disk size and choosing to allocate all disk space now, click [Next] to continue.
WMware Workstation implements a virtual machine by using a disk file. This screen
allows you to name the VMware file. It really doesn't matter the name of this
file. I do, however, like to call it "Disk0.vmdk". Again, this is
simply a matter of choice and any name will be fine.
Make your selection and click [Finish] to start the creation process
for the new virtual machine.
After clicking the [Finish] button, the virtual machine process begins.
If you selected to have the space for the new virtual disk pre-allocated, you will
get the (above) [Creating the disk] progress dialog.
If everything was successful, the wizard will display the "Virtual machine created successfully"
dialog. If you do not want the new virtual machine wizard to disaply this dialog after creating a
new virtual machine, select the "Do not show this page again" checkbox and click [Close].
The new virtual machine wizard will place the new virtual machine created in your
[Favorites] list.
Optional Virtual Machine Configuration Steps
Some considerations are removing floppy drives and sound cards. In my configuration,
I want to remove the floppy drive and audio device. Select
[Edit virtual machine settings] and navigate to the device you want
to remove. The following screen shot shows how to remove the audio device:
Install CentOS Enterprise Linux
CentOS Enterprise Linux 5.0 comes on six CDs.
To start, insert Disk #1 of CentOS Enterprise Linux into the physical CD-ROM
drive and then power up the new virtual machine. There are several ways
to power up the virtual machine:
As I did in the previous section for creating the new virtual machine, I
provide all screen shots for installing CentOS Enterprise Linux to
our new virtual machine.
The first screen is the boot screen. At this point, you can add any type
of boot options, but in most cases, all you need to do is press [Enter]
to continue.
You can choose to verify the CD media in this screen. I know that the ISOs
that I burnt to CD were OK, so I typically choose to [Skip] the media check.
After checking your media CDs (or if you are like me and Skip this process),
the installer then starts to probe for your video device, monitor and mouse.
The installer should determine that the video drive to use is VMware.
It may detect the monitor as Unknown (which is OK), however in most cases it will
be detected as "VMware Inc [VMware SVGA II] PCI Display Adapter". It then probes and finds
the mouse. Once this process is done, it will start the X Server.
After the installer starts the X Server, you should have the Welcome screen.
Click [Next] to continue.
Select the language appropriate for your environment. The installer should choose
the correct language by default. Click [Next] to continue.
Select the keyboard appropriate for your environment. The installer should choose
the correct keyboard by default. Click [Next] to continue.
Click the [OK] button to acknowledge the disk partitioning warning dialog.
This will initialize and erase all data on the /dev/sda disk.
This is a new virtual machine and there is no data to loose on the drive selected
(/dev/sda).
Keep the default selection to
"Remove linux partitions on selected drives and create default layout"
and check the option to "Review and modify partitioning layout".
Click [Next] to continue.
You will be prompted with a warning dialog asking to confirm
the delete operation. Answer [Yes] to this dialog.
For most automatic layouts, the defaults should be fine. For example,
the space allocated for /boot is always OK at 100MB.
The installer will make the swap space equal to twice the amount of
RAM configured for this virtual machine. For my example, this would
be 992MB x 2 = 1,984MB. The remainder is left for the root file system.
Starting with RHEL 4, the installer will create the disk configuration
just noted but will create them using the Logical Volume Manager (LVM). For example,
it will partition the first hard drive (/dev/sda for my configuration)
into two partitions - one for the /boot partition (/dev/sda1) and the
remainder of the disk dedicate to a LVM named VolGroup00 (/dev/sda2).
The LVM Volume Group (VolGroup00) is then partitioned into two LVM partitions -
one for the root file system (/) and another for swap. I basically check
that the installer will create at least 2GB of swap. If the disk layout for your
environment is already configured to create at least 2,048MB for the swap partition,
simply click [Next] to continue. If not, continue this with this section.
When installing the Oracle database software, you should configure a swap partition
of at least 2,048MB. Given my
current configuration, I will want to increase the swap partition from 1,984MB to 2,048MB
— a difference of 64MB. To increase the size of the swap partition, "Edit" the
volume group VolGroup00.
This will bring up the "Edit LVM Volume Group: VolGroup00" dialog:
First, "Edit" and decrease the size of the root file system (/) by the amount you want to add to
the swap partition. In this example, I will decrease the size of the root file system
from 30,656MB to 30,592MB (30,656MB - 64MB = 30,592MB). Now add the space you decreased
from the root file system (64MB) to the swap partition. The new configuration for the
VolGroup00 volume group should now resemble:
Click [OK] on the "Edit LVM Volume Group: VolGroup00" dialog.
Once you are
satisfied with the disk layout, click [Next] to continue.
The installer will use the GRUB boot loader and install it to /dev/sda
by default.
Nothing needs to be changed here. Click [Next] to continue.
To start, click on the [Edit] button for the Network Devices - (eth0).
Click off the option for "Use dynamic IP configuration (DHCP)"
and "Enable IPv6 support". Verify that the options "Enable IPv4 support"
and "Activate on boot" are selected on.
Next configure a static IP address
and Netmask for your environment:
After completing the above dialog, complete all other network settings.
Click [Next] to continue.
Select the appropriate time zone for your environment and click [Next] to continue.
Set your root password and click [Next] to continue.
On the [Package Group Selection] screen, select "Customize now"
and click [Next] to continue.
This is where you pick the packages to install. Since this virtual machine
will be hosting the Oracle database software, verify that at least the following packages
are selected for install.
In addition to the above packages, select any additional
packages you wish to install for this virtual machine.
For example:
After selecting the packages to install click [Next] to continue.
We are now ready to start the installation process. Click [Next]
to start the installation.
Click the [Continue] button on the "Required Install Media" screen.
During the installation process,
you will be asked to switch disks to Disk #2, Disk #3, Disk #4, Disk #5 and then Disk #6.
At this point, the installation is complete and the CD will be ejected from the CD-ROM.
Remove the installation media and click [Reboot] to reboot the system.
After the virtual machine is rebooted, you will be presented with a post installation
wizard that allows you to make final configuration settings.
On the "Welcome" screen, click [Forward] to continue.
On this screen, make sure to select the [Disabled] option
and click [Forward] to continue.
You will be prompted
with a warning dialog about not setting the firewall.
When this occurs, click [Yes] to continue.
On the SELinux screen, choose the [Disabled] option and
click [Forward] to continue.
You will be prompted with a warning dialog warning that changing the SELinux
setting will require rebooting the system so the entire file
system can be relabeled.
When this occurs, click [Yes] to acknowledge a reboot of the system
will occur after firstboot (Post Installation Wizard) is completed.
Accept the default setting on the Kdump screen (disabled) and
click [Forward] to continue.
Adjust the date and time settings if necessary and
click [Forward] to continue.
If you opt to bypass registering your system, acknowledge the next warning dialog
by clicking the [No thanks, I'll connect later] button.
Finally, finish off the software updates section by clicking [Forward] to continue.
Create any additional operating system user accounts if desired and click [Forward] to continue.
For the purpose of this article, I will not be creating any additional operating system
accounts. I will be creating the "oracle" user account during the Oracle database installation.
If you chose not to define any additional operating system user accounts,
click [Continue] to acknowledge the warning dialog.
On the sound card screen click [Forward] to continue.
On the "Additional CDs" screen click [Forward] to continue.
Given we changed the SELinux option (to disabled), we are prompted to
reboot the system. Click [OK] to reboot the system for normal use.
After rebooting the virtual machine, you are presented with the login screen.
Login using the "root" user account and the password you provided during the
installation.
After successfully logging in, you can now start using CentOS!
Install VMware Tools
From a terminal
window on the virtual machine verify you are logged in as the
root user account and switch to run level three by typing the following:
To reboot the virtual machine ensure that the virtual
machine has control of the mouse and keyboard, (click
the mouse in the virtual machine), and type:
Ctrl-Alt-Insert.
During the boot loader process (Grub), quickly hit
any key to stop the automatic boot of the
Linux kernel. The default kernel will now be selected
in the GRUB configuration window. With the default kernel
selected, type 'e' to edit. This will then
bring up three boot options. Navigate to the 'kernel /vmlinux-2.6.18-8.el5 ro ...'
entry (usually the second entry) and type 'e' to edit this entry.
The GRUB configuration will then bring up the boot option entry in edit mode
and place the cursor at the end of the entry. From here,
type in ' single' and hit [Enter].
You are then returned to the GRUB boot option screen with the
kernel option you just edited selected. From here, keep the kernel
option selected and type 'b' to boot this entry.
The virtual machine will now boot into single user mode - logged
in as the root user account.
Now, release your mouse from the virtual machine by typing
Ctrl-Alt. From the VMware software console, click on the menu option,
VM -> Install VMware Tools... and confirm the next dialog by clicking
the [Install] button. You will then need to mount the
Virtual CD that gets created in the virtual machine using the
following:
Backing up the New Virtual Machine
The first step is to shutdown the virtual machine. You can power
down the virtual machine by simply shutting down Linux. I also
like to completely close out the VMware Workstation console
before starting the copy.
Once this is
done, simply backup the appropriate files as shown below:
Copyright (c) 1998-2012 Jeffrey M. Hunter. All rights reserved.
All articles, scripts and material located at the Internet address of http://www.idevelopment.info is the copyright of Jeffrey M. Hunter
and is protected under copyright laws of the United States. This document may not be hosted on any other site without my express,
prior, written permission. Application to host any of the material elsewhere can be made by contacting me at jhunter@idevelopment.info.
I have made every effort and taken great care in making sure that the material included on my web site is technically accurate,
but I disclaim any and all responsibility for any loss, damage or destruction of data or any other property which may arise from
relying on it. I will in no case be liable for any monetary damages arising from such loss, damage or destruction.
This article provides the necessary steps to successfully create
a new Virtual Machine (VM) using WMware Workstation 6.0.0 to host
the CentOS Enterprise Linux 5.0.
Please note that this article can be used to install either
Red Hat Enterprise Linux 5 (RHEL5) or CentOS Enterprise Linux 5.
With the exception of the Post Install section and logo changes, the
screens are identical. Another difference is the background screen colors.
RHEL5
uses a dark red while CentOS 5 uses a dark blue background.
Before diving into the instructions for creating the new virtual machine,
let's first talk about the host machine and operating system that I have
VMware Workstation installed on. Also in the table below is the configuration I
will be using for the new virtual machine we will be creating in this
article. Note that I have a 300GB external hard drive connected to my
laptop. While the VMWare Workstation software will be installed on the internal hard drive,
(C:), I will be using the external hard drive, (M:), for
all virtual machines.
Host Machine
Host Machine Name
melody.idevelopment.info - (192.168.1.106)
Host Operating Environment
Windows XP Professional
WMware Version
VMware Workstation - Release 6.0.0 (Build 45731)
Host Machine
Dell Inspiron 8600 Laptop
Memory
2GB Installed
(The new virtual machine will take 1GB from this 2GB)
Internal Hard Drive
60GB
External Hard Drive
300GB
Processor
2.0 GHz.
File System
NTFS
Guest Machine
Virtual Machine Configuration
Guest Operating Environment
CentOS Enterprise Linux 5.0
Guest Machine Name
vmlinux1.idevelopment.info - (192.168.1.111)
Memory
1GB
Hard Drive
32GB
Virtual Machine Location
M:\My Virtual Machines\Workstation 6.0\vmlinux1
Although I have used Red Hat Fedora in the past, I wanted to switch
to a Linux environment that would guarantee all of the functionality
contained with Oracle. This is where CentOS comes in.
The CentOS Linux project takes the Red Hat source RPMs, and compiles
them into a free clone of the Red Hat Enterprise Server product. This provides
not only a free version of the Red Hat Enterprise Linux product, but
a very stable Linux operating environment for
installing and testing Oracle.
White Box Enterprise Linux
Pink Tie Linux
Lineox Enterprise Linux
CentOS Enterprise Linux
Finally, we get to actually creating the virtual machine for CentOS Enterprise Linux.
The process for creating a new virtual machine is very straightforward given
VMware's wizard driven menu system. The following screen shots demonstrate how
to create our new virtual machine. Start the VMware Workstation software
and choose "[File] -> [New] -> [Virtual Machine]".
Screen 1: - Welcome
Screen 2: - Select the Appropriate Configuration
Screen 3: - Choose the Virtual Machine Hardware Compatibility
Screen 4: - Select a Guest Operating System
Screen 5: - Name of the Virtual Machine
Screen 6: - Processor Configuration
Screen 7: - Memory for the Virtual Machine
Screen 8: - Network Type
Screen 9: - Select I/O Adapter Types
Screen 10: - Select a Disk
Screen 11: - Select a Disk Type
Screen 12: - Specify Disk Capacity
Screen 13: - Specify Disk File
Screen 14: - Creating the disk - Progress Dialog
Screen 15: - Virtual machine created successfully
Screen 16: - New Virtual Machine Created
Since the virtual machine I have created will only be used to host
Oracle, there are several devices that I can successfully remove from
the virtual machine. Having the virtual machine virtualize these
unnecessary hardware components is a waste of resources that could be better served
with running Oracle.
The following screen shows the devices that are now configured for
my new virtual machine after removing the audio device and floppy drive:
Now that we have our new virtual machine, the only step remaining is to
install CentOS Enterprise Linux to this virtual machine. The installation
instructions in this section will prepare a suitable Linux environment
for installing the Oracle database software (Oracle10g R2 and higer).
in the toolbar.
Screen 1: - Boot Screen
Screen 2: - Test CD Media
Screen 3: - Welcome
Screen 4: - Language Selection
Screen 5: - Keyboard
Screen 6: - Disk Partitioning Warning Dialog
Screen 7: - Automatic Partitioning
Screen 8: - Partitioning
Screen 9: - Boot Loader Configuration
Screen 10: - Network Configuration
Since I will be using this virtual machine to host an Oracle database, there
will be several changes that need to be made to the network configuration.
The settings you make here will, of course, depend on your network configuration.
The key point to make is that the virtual machine should never be
configured with DHCP if you will be using this virtual machine to host the Oracle
database server.
You will need to configure the virtual machine with a static IP
address. You will also need to configure the virtual machine with
a real host name.
Screen 11: - Time Zone Selection
Screen 12: - Set Root Password
Screen 13: - Package Group Selection
Screen 14: - About to Install
Screen 15: - Required Install Media
Screen 16: - Install Progress
Screen 17: - Installation Complete
Screen 18: - Post Installation Wizard Welcome Screen
Screen 19: - License Agreement
RHEL5 Users: When installing Red Hat Enterprise Linux 5 (RHEL5),
the next screen will be the user license agreement.
Read through and accept the user license agreement and click [Forward] to continue.
Screen 20: - Firewall Configuration
Screen 21: - SELinux
Screen 22: - Kdump
Screen 23: - Date and Time Settings
Screen 24: - Software Updates - Red Hat Network
RHEL5 Users: When installing Red Hat Enterprise Linux 5 (RHEL5),
the next screen allows you to setup and configure software updates using the Red Hat
Network (RHN). If you have a Red Hat Network user account, you can enter it here and register your
system with RHN. Alternatively, you can choose the option [No, I prefer to register at a later time]
and click [Forward] to bypass this setup.
Screen 25: - Create User
Screen 26: - Sound Card
Screen 27: - Additional CDs
Screen 28: - Reboot System
Screen 29: - Login Screen
Screen 30: - User Desktop
Although this is an optional step, it is highly recommended
to install the VMware Tools for the new virtual machine. Ensure that
the virtual machine is powered on and that you are logged into Linux
as the root user account.
# /sbin/init 3
This should put you back to a console. You will then have to
login as root from the console.
If after attempting to switch to run level three, the
virtual machine seems to hang, (not giving you a root
login prompt), you will have to reboot the virtual machine and
perform the tasks in this section in single user mode.
# cd /tmp
# mount -r /dev/cdrom /mnt
# tar -zxf /mnt/VMwareTools-6.0.0-45731.tar.gz
# cd vmware-tools-distrib
# umount /mnt
# ./vmware-install.pl
When the installation process begins, you can simply accept
the default values for the first ten questions. After that,
you are asked for the new screen resolution. You should pick
the same screen resolution you selected during the CentOS Enterprise Linux
install. After the installation is complete, you must now reboot the
machine.
# init 6
When you log back in, you will notice that you no longer have to
hit Ctrl-Alt to move between the virtual machine and the
host operating system. Also, you will see that the mouse works
more smoothly.
Now that you have your new virtual machine configured and working,
this would be a good time to back it up. This is a very straightforward
process as the virtual machine is nothing more than a few files in
a directory.
C:\> dir /A-R "M:\My Virtual Machines\Workstation 6.0"
Volume in drive M is Maxtor II (1394a FW400 - VMs)
Volume Serial Number is 0C08-8CA4
Directory of M:\My Virtual Machines\Workstation 6.0
07/15/2007 06:09 PM <DIR> .
07/15/2007 06:09 PM <DIR> ..
07/15/2007 06:09 PM <DIR> racdb1
07/15/2007 06:09 PM <DIR> racdb2
07/15/2007 06:09 PM <DIR> racdb3
07/15/2007 06:09 PM <DIR> racdb4
07/15/2007 06:09 PM <DIR> vmlinux1
07/15/2007 06:09 PM <DIR> vmlinux2
07/15/2007 06:09 PM <DIR> vmlinux3
07/15/2007 06:09 PM <DIR> vmlinux4
07/15/2007 06:09 PM <DIR> vmlinux5
07/15/2007 06:09 PM <DIR> vmlinux6
07/15/2007 09:55 PM <DIR> vmsun1
07/15/2007 06:09 PM <DIR> vmsun2
07/15/2007 06:09 PM <DIR> vmsun3
07/15/2007 06:09 PM <DIR> vmsun4
07/15/2007 06:09 PM <DIR> vmwindows1
07/15/2007 06:09 PM <DIR> vmwindows2
07/15/2007 06:09 PM <DIR> vmwindows3
07/15/2007 06:09 PM <DIR> vmwindows4
0 File(s) 0 bytes
20 Dir(s) 235,550,603,264 bytes free
C:\> mkdir "N:\Virtual Machine Backups\vmlinux1"
C:\> xcopy "M:\My Virtual Machines\Workstation 6.0\vmlinux1" "N:\Virtual Machine Backups\vmlinux1" /s /e
M:\My Virtual Machines\Workstation 6.0\vmlinux1\Disk0-flat.vmdk
M:\My Virtual Machines\Workstation 6.0\vmlinux1\Disk0.vmdk
M:\My Virtual Machines\Workstation 6.0\vmlinux1\Red Hat Enterprise Linux 5.nvram
M:\My Virtual Machines\Workstation 6.0\vmlinux1\Red Hat Enterprise Linux 5.vmsd
M:\My Virtual Machines\Workstation 6.0\vmlinux1\Red Hat Enterprise Linux 5.vmx
M:\My Virtual Machines\Workstation 6.0\vmlinux1\Red Hat Enterprise Linux 5.vmxf
M:\My Virtual Machines\Workstation 6.0\vmlinux1\vmware.log
7 File(s) copied
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